Diet for diabetes

10 January 2021

Diet for diabetes mellitus is one of the methods of combating the disease in order to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications. The main task of therapeutic measures is to normalize metabolic processes in the body, optimizing blood sugar to the maximum permissible value.

The key to the patient's well-being is adherence to a diet with a limited amount of carbohydrates and well-chosen drug therapy.

If treatment for the disease is not started soon, diabetes mellitus causes complications in the kidneys, nervous system, blood vessels, eyes and heart.

Etiology and pathogenesis

Today, 4% of the world's population suffers from this disease. According to the WHO, 8, 640 people with diabetes die every day in the world, 3 million people die every year. This figure is several times higher than the death rate from hepatitis and AIDS. According to data from the International Diabetes Federation, the number of carriers of this disease is 285 million in 2014. At the same time, according to forecasts, by 2030. their number may reach 438 million.

Etiology of the disease:

obesity;
hereditary predisposition;
viral infections (influenza, tonsillitis), as a result of which the islet apparatus is damaged and latent diabetes is formed;
mental / physical trauma;
vascular, autoimmune diseases.

External factors contributing to the development of diabetes mellitus:

prolonged mental stress, stress, fear, fear;
eat foods with an excessive amount of carbohydrates, saturated sweet substances;
prolonged overeating.

Symptoms of diabetes in men and women:

weakness;
polyuria (increase in the amount of urine up to 8 l / day);
weight loss;
hair loss;
drowsiness;
frequent urination;
intense thirst;
decreased libido, potency;
itching of the feet, palms, perineum;
increased appetite;
wounds do not heal well;
decreased visual acuity;
smell of acetone from the mouth.

If you find any signs of a disease, you should immediately consult a doctor, since the effectiveness of treatment for diabetes directly depends on how quickly the first symptoms of the disease are detected, on the conclusiondiagnosis and conduct of drug treatment. Remember, in the early stages the disease is easier to treat.

Classification of diseases and role of nutrition

The main role after drug treatment should be given to the diet of the patient.

The types of diets depend on the stage of pancreatic depression, the mechanism of its manifestation and the method of treatment.

Degrees of illness

Type 1 diabetes. This is a severe autoimmune disease associated with impaired glucose metabolism. In this case, the pancreas does not produce at all or produces too little insulin necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body.
Type 2 diabetes. Often this form of the disease develops in sedentary people with age, whose excess body weight exceeds 15% of the total weight.
Gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes mellitus develops in 4% of women during pregnancy, more often in the second trimester. Unlike the first two types of diseases, in most cases it goes away immediately after the birth of the child, however, sometimes it can turn into the second type of diabetes. . . .

Less common forms (variants) of diabetes mellitus, which occur in 1% of the world's population - prediabetes, latent, neurogenic, renal, steroid, bronze, MODY.

Types of Diets for Diabetes

Insulin injections, hypoglycemic drugs and physical activity play an important role in achieving a positive dynamic in the treatment of the disease. However, according to some doctors (A. Bronstein, E. Malysheva, V. Kononov), a good diet plays a fundamental role.

Types of nutrition programs

A carbohydrate-free diet is a technique based on consuming complex carbohydrates from vegetables and fruits - in large quantities, and excluding foods containing simple carbohydrates from the menu.
Protein diet for diabetes. This nutritional regimen is based on the principle of minimizing the consumption of carbohydrates and fats by increasing the protein content of the diet. The methodology focuses primarily on replacing meat with lean fish, poultry and fermented dairy products.
Low carbohydrate diet, used to compose menus for type 1 diabetics. 2.
Buckwheat diet. Regular consumption of this product has a beneficial effect on the body: it lowers the level of "bad" cholesterol and saturates it with iron, rutin, calcium, magnesium, fiber, iodine, B vitamins. Buckwheat diet for diabetes helpsto minimize the risk of macrovascular complications and ulcers.
The Diabetes Prevention Diet is designed to reduce the risk of developing pancreatic dysfunction.

With the appearance of exacerbations of the heart system and blood vessels, diet 10 is practiced for diabetes mellitus. Its peculiarity is to reduce the consumption of liquids, salt, fats, carbohydrates, since these substances overload the liver, kidneys and excite the nervous system.

Let's consider in detail what kind of diet is needed for diabetes mellitus, recipes for dishes that can be eaten during the period of diet nutrition.

Carbohydrate counting

When detecting diabetes mellitus, it is important to properly balance the intake of carbohydrates and hypoglycemic substances in the body. To calculate the calorie content of products, a universal parameter called the unit of bread is used. At the same time, 1 XE (10 - 13 g of pure carbohydrate) raises glucose to 2. 77 mmol / l and "requires" 1. 4 units of insulin for its absorption. Since the injection is given before the start of a meal, it is important to plan a single meal ration in advance.

The carbohydrate saturation of a meal should be 4-6 units of bread. The frequency and time of meals depend directly on the type of sugar reducing medication.

Quantity of product corresponding to 1XE:

sugar - 1 tbsp. ;
honey - 1 tbsp. l. ;
spaghetti - 1. 5 tbsp. ;
fruit juice - 150 ml;
ice cream - 60 g;
fresh water with gas - 180 ml;
bread (rye, white, black) - 25 g;
pancakes or pancakes - 1 pc. ;
dough - 25 g;
melon - 300 g;
(oats, buckwheat, wheat) - 2 tbsp. l. cereals;
sausages - 200 g;
kefir, fermented baked milk, milk - 250 ml;
mashed potatoes - 100 g;
apples - 100 g;
legumes (peas, beans) - 5 tbsp. l. ;
kiwi - 150 g;
pears - 90 g;
oranges - 100 g;
berries - 150 g;
plums - 100 g;
peaches - 150 g;
watermelon - 400 g;
dried fruits (prunes, raisins, dried apricots) - 20 g.

The carbohydrate saturation of the daily diet of a diabetic should not exceed 17 units of bread (2000 kcal).

In addition to counting saccharides, it is important for patients with pancreatic dysfunction to carefully select foods for a meal based on prohibited and permitted ingredients.

Diabetes Food Table
Product Category	Allowed	Available in limited quantity	Prohibited foods
Bakery products	Separate	Bakery products made from wheat, whole grains, rye and second grade flour	Puff pastry, pastry
Meat and poultry	-	Lean varieties of veal, lamb, chicken, turkey, rabbit, boiled tongue, diet sausage	Fatty pork, beef, goose, duck, preserves, sausages, bacon, smoked sausages
First courses	Borscht, cabbage soup, fish soup, soups: mushrooms, fish, beet	Low fat Solyanka	Noodle soups, fatty broths, traditional kharcho
Fish	Lean fish fillet	Mussels, squid, shrimp, oysters, crayfish, fish of the salmon family (trout, salmon, salmon)	Eel, caviar, canned oil, fish from the herring family (sprat, sprat, herring), sturgeon (star sturgeon, beluga, sturgeon)
Dairy products, fermented milk	Milk, kefir, unsalted cheese 25-30%	Homemade yogurt, 0% milk, feta cheese, 5% cottage cheese, curd, fermented baked milk	Sour cream, 50-60% cheese, salted cheese, glazed curd, butter, condensed milk, cream
Porridge	Buckwheat, pearl barley, oatmeal, barley, millet	-	Semolina, brown rice, pasta
Vegetables	Carrots, cabbage (all kinds), beets, pumpkin, tomatoes, zucchini, eggplant, onions, turnips, radishes, mushrooms, cucumbers, fresh leafy greens, peppers	Corn, boiled potatoes, fresh legumes	Fries, sautéed vegetables, marinated and salted vegetables
Fruits, berries	Quince, lemons, cranberries, pear	Plums, apples, peaches, oranges, cherries, blueberries, watermelon, currants, raspberries	Grapes, figs, dates, raisins, bananas
Desserts	Fruit salads	Sambuca, compotes, sweetening mousse, fruit jelly, green cocktails with honey (Dec 1, l)	Ice creams, cakes, fatty cookies, cakes, jam, puddings, candies, milk chocolate with nuts
Sauces and spices	Mustard, pepper, horseradish, tomato juice, cinnamon, dry spices and herbs	Homemade mayonnaise	Ketchups, sautéed vegetables, purchased sauces
Drinks	Tea, cocoa, ground coffee (no sugar or cream), rosehip and raspberry decoction, unsweetened fruit nectars, sour fruit drinks	Natural vegetable juice (diluted)	Sugar lemonades, kvass, sweet drinks, alcohol
Greases	-	Vegetable oils (flax, corn, olive sunflower), unsalted butter	Bacon, meat fat

After converting carbohydrates to bread units, it is important to determine how much insulin will be needed to use postprandial glucose. Following this recommendation will help to avoid life-threatening conditions - hyper and hypoglycemia.

Diet for grade 1 diabetes

The diet for type 1 diabetes is based on strict control of blood sugar to the level (3, 5. . . 5, 5 mmol / l).

Consider the characteristics of food intake, allowing you to maintain its level within the established limits.

The maximum daily calorie content of dishes (total per day) is 2000 kcal.
Fractional nutrition (at least 5 times).
Cut pure sucrose off the menu to lower blood sugar.
Distribute the main dose of carbohydrates for breakfast and lunch.
Don't eat at night.
Avoid the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates: pastries, honey, jams, preserves.
Use a natural sweetener as a sweetener.
To control the quality, the "natural" of products.
Adjust the timing of insulin therapy for meals (a long-acting drug is given before meals, a short drug - after a meal).
Calculate the number of units of bread to account for the amount of carbohydrate consumed per day. For a meal, you should not eat more than 8 XE.

In the presence of gastrointestinal diseases (pancreatitis, ulcers, gastritis), the diet for diabetes mellitus prohibits the consumption of such products as: pickles, smoked meats, rich broths, coffee, carbonated drinks, alcohol, mushrooms, preserveswhich stimulate excessive secretion of enzymes because they affect the rate and level of carbohydrate absorption.

Foods Permitted for Type 1 Diabetes:

baked goods without yeast (lavash);
berries, fruits (plum, cherry, lemon, apple, pear, orange);
soy products (tofu, milk);
cereals (pearl barley, oatmeal, buckwheat porridge);
mashed vegetarian soups;
(slightly sparkling mineral water, berry mousses, dried fruit compote);
vegetables (onions, zucchini, peppers, beets, carrots);
walnuts (unroasted);
weak coffee, green / black / unsweetened fruit teas.

Do not eat:

rich soups, broths;
pasta, flour products;
sweets (cakes, pastries, candies, chocolate, muffins);
fast food, semi-finished products;
alcoholic drinks (it is strictly forbidden to consume red dessert wine);
sour, smoked and spicy foods;
fatty meats (pork, lamb, duck), fish (mackerel).

The daily calorie intake of an obese patient on this diet with insulin is between 1200 and 1400 kcal. In the absence of the need to get rid of extra pounds, the portions of dishes can be increased.

One week diet for overweight addicts

Day # 1

breakfast - bread - 1 slice, porridge - 170 g, green tea, cheese - 40 g;
second breakfast - pear - 0, 5 pc, young cheese - 60 g;
lunch - borscht - 250 g, boiled cabbage - 200 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g, lavash;
afternoon tea - rosehip broth, cottage cheese - 100 g, fruit jelly - 100 g;
dinner - zrazy cauliflower - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g;
before bedtime - milk - 200 ml.

Day # 2

breakfast - boiled veal - 50 g, green tea, omelet, tomato - 1 pc. , bread - 1 slice;
second breakfast - grapefruit or orange - 1 pc, pistachios - 50 g;
lunch - chicken breast - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, pumpkin porridge - 150 g;
afternoon tea - grapefruit - 1 pc. , kefir - 200 ml. ;
dinner - boiled fish - 100 g, boiled cabbage - 200 g;
Bedtime - Unsweetened Cracker - 50g

Day 3

breakfast - lavash, weak coffee without sugar, cabbage rolls with meat - 200 g;
second breakfast - strawberries - 120 g, yogurt - 200 ml;
lunch - pasta - 100 g, vegetable salad - 100 g, steamed fish - 100 g;
afternoon tea - orange - 1 pc. , decoction of dried fruits;
dinner - cottage cheese casserole with pears - 250 g;
before bedtime - kefir.

Day 4

breakfast - porridge - 200 g, green tea, cheese - 70 g. boiled egg - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - toast with cheese, turkey fillet;
lunch - cooked zucchini with meat - 200 g, vegetarian mash soup - 150 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
afternoon tea - lean cookies - 15 g, unsweetened black tea;
dinner - green beans - 200 g, boiled chicken fillet - 150 g, rosehip broth;
before bedtime - dry diet bread - 3 pcs.

Day 5

breakfast - low-fat cottage cheese (up to 5%) - 150 g, kefir - 200 ml;
second breakfast - pumpkin seeds - 2 tablespoons, raisins - 3 tablespoons;
lunch - baked potatoes - 100 g, vegetable salad - 150 g, compote without sugar - 100 g;
afternoon snack - unsweetened fruit tea, baked pumpkin - 150 g;
dinner - vegetable salad - 200 g, steamed cutlet - 100 g or blueberry pancakes on rye flour - 250 g;
before bedtime - 1% kefir.

Day 6

breakfast - boiled egg - 1 pc, fruit tea, lightly salted salmon - 30 g;
second breakfast - cottage cheese - 150 g, carrots - 1 pc. ;
lunch - green borscht - 250 g, cabbage rolls with brown rice and carrots - 170 g; Pita;
afternoon tea - kefir - 150 ml. , bread - 2 pcs. ;
dinner - fresh peas - 100 g, boiled chicken fillet - 100 g, baked eggplant - 150 g;
before bedtime - dry crackers - 50 g.

Day 7

breakfast - ham - 50 g, buckwheat porridge - 200 g, green tea;
second breakfast - salad with tuna, cucumber, cherry tomatoes, whole grain rye bread - 150 g;
lunch - baked zucchini with carrots - 100 g, cabbage soup - 250 g, bread - 1 slice, chicken cutlet - 50 g;
afternoon tea - cottage cheese - 100 g, apricots or plums - 4 pcs. ;
dinner - squid schnitzel with onions - 150 g, dried fruit compote;
before bedtime - milk - 200 ml.

A low carbohydrate diet for diabetes is a strictly balanced diet that allows the patient to maintain sugar in the normal range and lose weight consistently.

Type 2 diabetes diet

Basic principles of dietetic nutrition:

replace refined carbohydrates with sweeteners;
the ratio of BZHU should be 20%: 30%: 50%;
reduce the consumption of animal fats by up to 50%;

The calorie content of the daily diet depends on the energy consumption and the patient's body weight.

Diabetes Diet 9 or Table 9 is a balanced program for diabetic patients with mild to moderate obesity. By adhering to it, the patient's diet consists of: proteins (100 g. ), Carbohydrates (320 g. ), Fats (80 g. ), Of which 30% unsaturated triglycerides.

The diet for type 2 diabetes is almost the same as the nutritional program for people who monitor their health:

divide the total volume of daily food into 5 meals: 2 snacks at 1-2XE, 3 main meals at 5-8XE;
do not skip breakfast;
maximum break between meals - 4 hours;
last evening meal - 1. 5 hours before bedtime;
between meals, it is recommended to eat vegetable salads, fruits, freshly squeezed fruit juices, dried fruit broth, kefir, milk, green or fruit tea, unsweetened cookies(crackers), bread.

Daily diet for type 2 diabetes

Day # 1

breakfast - asparagus - 100g. , scrambled eggs from 3-4 quail eggs;
second breakfast - salad with nuts, squid, apples - 200 g;
lunch - baked eggplant stuffed with pomegranate, walnuts - 100 g, beetroot - 250 g;
afternoon tea - avocado and cocoa ice cream - 100 g;
Dinner - Salmon steak with radish sauce - 200 g.

Day # 2

breakfast - yogurt, oatmeal - 200 g (you can use stevia or agave nectar as a sweetener), apple - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - fruit smoothies (grind in a blender 80 g each of cherry, strawberry, melon and 4 ice cubes);
lunch - baked veal - 150 g, vegetable stew - 200 g;
afternoon tea - casserole of cottage cheese and pears - 150 g;
dinner - mixed vegetables - 200 g, avocado - half of the fruit.

Day 3

breakfast - two-egg fried eggs with the addition of low-fat cheese, basil, tomatoes;
second breakfast - "steamed" vegetables - 100 g, hummus - 100 g;
lunch - vegetarian mash soup - 200 g, green peas - 50 g chicken cutlets - 150 g;
afternoon tea - pear - 1 pc. , almonds - 50 g;
Dinner - salmon - 150 g, yogurt, spinach.

Day 4

breakfast - baked fruit (apples, plums, cherries) in agave nectar - 200 g;
second breakfast - tuna and lettuce sandwich;
lunch - beef steak - 150 g, boiled cauliflower - 200 g, salad with tomatoes, arugula, parmesan - 100 g;
afternoon snack - dessert with fruits and berries (cut mango, kiwi, strawberries, mix with snow, pour orange juice and freeze) - 150 g;
dinner - broccoli roll - 200 g.

Day 5

breakfast - orange - 1 pc. ; fruit tea, low-fat cheese - 30 g, bread - 2 pcs. ;
second breakfast - salad of beets with nuts - 200 g;
lunch - rice - 200 g, salmon, steamed - 150 g, grapefruit - 1 pc. ;
afternoon tea - berries with 10% whipped cream - 150 g;
dinner - rosehip broth, squid cutlet with onions - 200 g.

Day 6

breakfast - soufflé with carrots and cottage cheese - 200 g;
second breakfast - zrazy cauliflower - 100 g;
lunch - tangerine salad, chicken breast, arugula - 200 g, compote of dried fruits, borscht with vegetables - 200 ml;
afternoon tea - kiwi, raspberry mousse - 200 ml. ;
dinner - steamed cod with carrots - 200 g, kefir.

Day 7

breakfast - baked apple stuffed with oatmeal, nuts, raisins - 1 pc. ;
second breakfast - fruit and vegetable salad of kohlrabi, celery, pears - 200 g, shrimp - 100 g;
lunch - polenta - 200 g, greens, boiled hake - 200 g, kiwi - 1 pc;
afternoon tea - strawberries with mascarpone - 100 g;
dinner - cucumber salad with onions, spinach - 250 g, green tea.

Depending on the course of the disease, changes may be made in the patient menu.

Remember that the diet example above is not a universal nutritional system for all diabetics, so it is important to monitor your well-being while following it. In the event of deterioration, “problematic” foods should be excluded from the menu.

Gestational diabetes diet

In some cases, the pancreas in a pregnant woman's body malfunctions and, as a result, gestational diabetes develops. In most cases, this condition is easily controlled with proper nutrition.

Diabetic diet during pregnancy

Eliminate sugar, confectionery, baked goods, semolina, sweet fruits, and foods containing sweeteners from the diet.
Balance the daily menu. The daily intake of carbohydrates is 50%, protein - 30%, fat - 15-20%. At the same time, the diet of Malysheva for diabetes allows to minimize the amount of ingested food, which contains plant and animal triglycerides (5-10%).
Observe the drinking regime - 1. 5-2 liters of water per day.
Enrich your daily diet with starches (cereals, rye bread, brown rice, legumes, sweet potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, radishes, beets) and fermented dairy products.
Snack on fresh fruit.
Divide daily food intake into 3 main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and 2 snacks (lunch, afternoon snack).
Enrich your daily diet with multivitamin complexes for pregnant women.
Reduce sugar with folk remedies using decoctions of celeriac, linden flowers, blueberry leaves, lilac buds, bean pods.
Limit your caffeine intake. The allowable amount of alkaloids is 2 servings of coffee or tea.

The optimal calorie intake from the daily diet of a pregnant woman is 2000 to 2500 kcal. At the same time, a diet without carbohydrates for gestational diabetes is prohibited.

Recommended menu for pregnant women with high blood sugar

breakfast - millet porridge - 150 g, fruit tea, rye bread - 20 g;
second breakfast - whole grain dried bread - 50 g, unsalted cheese 17% - 20 g, apple - 1 pc. ;
lunch - buckwheat porridge - 100 g, a mixture of cabbage, Jerusalem artichoke, cucumbers - 150 g, beef stew - 70 g;
afternoon tea - 5% cottage cheese - 100 g, unsweetened cookie - 2 pieces, orange - 1 piece;
dinner - boiled chicken fillet - 60 g, vegetable garnish (carrots, cabbage, peppers) - 100 g, tomato juice - 180 ml, bread - 2 pcs. ;
3 hours before bedtime - kefir / yogurt - 200 ml.

In addition to following a specific diet, patients with gestational diabetes must walk (40 minutes per day) and do moderate physical activity (gymnastics, water exercises).

Diet for insulin-dependent diabetes in children

Diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence is much more difficult to bear than in adults. The genetic predisposition of a child, stress and poor nutrition are the main causes of the development of an autoimmune disease.

In 80% of cases, children are diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1). Early diagnosis, immediate treatment and strict adherence to a special diet will help prevent the consequences of the disease.

Diabetes in children

Exclude from the menu sugar, soda, confectionery, baked goods made from wheat flour, fried foods, baked goods.
Enrich your daily menu with fruits, vegetables and unsweetened herbs (at will). Forbidden - grapes, bananas, raisins, dates, persimmons, figs.
Use natural sugar substitutes.
Divide the daily food intake into 6 meals. At the same time, it is important to eat food at regular intervals. Allowable deviations in the child's nutritional program are 15 to 20 minutes.
Meals should be taken after 15 minutes. after the introduction of insulin and 2 hours after the injection.
If you can't eat at the set time, you can eat bread, pears, nuts, a cheese sandwich, or apples as a snack. Under no circumstances should you starve.
Taking a slice of chocolate immediately will help stop hypoglycemic attacks. Therefore, an adult accompanying a child should always have a sweet product.
Enrich the daily diet of the child with fermented milk products.
Calculate your daily fructose intake. The amount of sugar substitute directly depends on the age of the child and the nature of the course of the disease.

To lower blood sugar, a child is advised to give decoctions of blueberries, nettles, corn stalks, mint leaves, branches of barberry, bean pods, Jerusalem artichokes, ginseng and eleutherococcus.

Thus, the diet of diabetic patients plays an important role, since the well-being and life of the patient depends on the correctness of its composition. Therefore, it is important to take very seriously and carefully the compilation of the scheme and its observance, otherwise negligence can lead to tragic consequences.